交叉感染 cross infection
交通运输部运输服务司副司长蔡团结2月6日在国务院联防联控机制新闻发布会上说，针对返程大客流，交通运输部有针对性地研究相关保障方案，坚决防止疫情通过交通运输工具传播，降低客流输入地区的输入性风险。
To contain virus infections during the trips, railways, airports and other public transportation operators have intensified disinfection, ventilation and sanitation of vehicles and stations.
为了防止病毒传播，铁路、民航以及其他交通运输部门均加强了交通运输工具和场站的消毒、通风和卫生清洁。
Passengers will go through body temperature screening at both entrances and exits of operating public transportation stations across the country. People found to have caught a fever above 37.3 degrees Celsius will be transferred to health departments.
乘客进出客运场站均需测温，如果发现有乘客体温超过37.3度，第一时间移交卫生健康部门。
Meanwhile, steps have been taken to make sure vehicles are not fully booked to allow a safe distance between passengers, Cai said, adding that temporary isolation areas had been set in the vehicles to avoid cross-infections in case of emergency during the journey.
同时，控制交通运输工具客座率，确保乘客之间有一定安全距离，此外，预留一部分空间作为突发情况时的暂时隔离区域。
【知识点】
这里的“客座率”在英语中有一个专门的表述passenger load factor(PLF)，是交通运输工具全程座位使用情况的一个测算指标，指特定时间段内，购票乘客数在某个交通运输工具全部可用座位总数中所占的比例。
铁路部门在售票源头上加强管控，控制旅客列车的客座率，近几天售票会把旅客列车的客座率控制在50%左右(make sure that train passenger load factor is around 50%)，并实行分散售票，列车工作人员在旅客上车以后会引导大家分散就座。
此外，北京地铁非配合式热成像体温测试系统布设车站已增至35座。
Compared with hand-held instruments, the thermal imaging system can automatically measure passengers' temperature, improving passenger flow at subway stations.
与手持型测温设备相比，热成像系统能够自动检测乘客体温，缩短地铁站乘客等待时间。
The thermal imaging system can issue an alert when detecting passengers with abnormal body temperatures and monitor the temperatures continuously, according to Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corporation Ltd.
据北京地铁运营有限公司介绍，热成像系统发现体温异常的乘客后，会对其体温持续进行监测。
气溶胶传播 aerosol transmission
The novel coronavirus normally does not suspend or float in the air for long, and currently no evidence has shown that the new virus can be transmitted through aerosol, Feng Luzhao, a researcher of infectious diseases with the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said at the press conference.
中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制处研究员冯录召表示，新型冠状病毒一般不会在空气长期漂浮，目前没有证据显示新型冠状病毒通过气溶胶传播。
【知识点】
气溶胶传播(aerosol transmission，aerosol读作['erə.sɑl])，是指飞沫在空气悬浮过程中失去水分而剩下的蛋白质(protein)和病原体(pathogen)组成的核，形成飞沫核(droplet nuclei)，可以通过气溶胶的形式漂浮至远处，造成远距离的传播(float for a long distance and spread the virus)。
Currently, the virus is mainly transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact, said Feng, adding that the virus is normally transmitted within a range of one to two meters.
冯录召说，新型冠状病毒主要通过呼吸道飞沫传播和接触传播，而飞沫传播距离很短，一般1至2米。
He suggested the public to open windows to help with ventilation at least twice a day, which is effective to lower the risks of getting infected.
他建议每天至少两次开窗通风，这是降低感染风险的有效措施。
他表示，在一般的工作生活条件下，采取正确佩戴口罩的飞沫传播防护措施，是足以满足保护普通公众不被感染的(wearing a mask correctly is enough to protect the general public from the virus)。
农产品附着病毒几率很低
冯录召表示，病毒通过飞沫、直接接触等方式污染到蔬菜、肉和水果的几率很低。
He suggested that raw vegetables, meats and fruits should be washed with running water, in the meantime, people should only eat cooked vegetables and meats and fruits without peels.
他建议，蔬菜、肉、水果买回家后需先用流水清洗。蔬菜、肉类不要生食，需炒熟吃，水果尽量削皮。
The virus would die in 30 minutes at a temperature of 56 degrees Celsius, Feng said, adding that cooking temperatures usually reach 100 degrees Celsius or even higher.
冯录召说，病毒在温度56℃状态下，30分钟内就能被杀死，而炒菜等温度能达到100℃甚至更高。
Feng urged people to wash their hands more frequently, especially after dealing with these agricultural products. He also advised people to use different kitchen wares, like cutting boards and knives, for raw and cooked food, respectively.
处理蔬菜、肉类、水果后要及时洗手。处理生食和熟食的切菜板及刀具要分开。
假阴性 false nagetive results
Reports that nucleic acid tests have returned false-negative results for people infected with the novel coronavirus have prompted medical workers to deploy multiple measures to identify infections and implement rigorous isolation measures amid the viral epidemic.
一些新型冠状病毒感染者的核酸检测结果出现“假阴性”，这类报告促使医护人员采取多重措施确诊感染者，并采取更加严格的隔离措施来防控疫情。
据《新京报》报道，一位武汉来京的发热肺炎患者2月5日在中日医院呼吸四部确诊为新型冠状病毒感染肺炎。
An infected patient in Beijing tested negative three times for the virus through routine throat swab nucleic acid tests. The case was eventually confirmed by extracting samples from the lower respiratory tract — a more intrusive procedure.
此例患者入院前三次咽拭子新冠病毒核酸检测均为阴性，入院后从下呼吸道提取样本检测才发现新冠病毒核酸阳性。
公开资料显示，除中日医院这名“假阴性”患者外，浙江、宁夏、福建、天津已出现多例核酸检测“假阴性”病例。
针对这一情况，2月9日，国务院联防联控机制新闻发布会称，任何病毒的核酸检测结果都不可能是100%阳性，对新冠病毒的核酸检测也不例外，“假阴性”在所难免。
Gao Zhancheng, head of the respiratory and critical care department at Peking University's People's Hospital, said a range of factors will impact the accuracy of nucleic acid testing, including the severity of symptoms, the illness' development, the extraction method and the circumstances at laboratories.
北京大学人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科主任高占成说，核酸检测结果也受患者病情轻重、疾病不同阶段、取样方式方法、实验室检测条件影响。
"Nucleic acid testing targeting other viruses also cannot ensure full accuracy. However, such testing remains an irreplaceable way to confirm infection," he told a news conference held by the State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism on Sunday.
“任何病毒的核酸检测结果都不可能是100%阳性，但对于确诊新冠肺炎，核酸检测是不可或缺的手段。”高占成在9日的国务院联防联控机制新闻发布会上说。
"Under the current treatment guideline, suspected cases who have tested negative for the virus once are also required to be quarantined at designated facilities for strict observation."
“初次检测阴性的疑似患者，按照现行国家卫健委诊疗方案要求，还需在定点医院隔离观察。”
对于假阴性是否会导致漏诊的问题，专家们表示，不必过分担心，病例的确诊和排除，除了核酸检测，还将结合流行病学史( epidemiological records)、临床症状(clinical symptoms)、CT影像( CT scan imaging)等判断。
新冠肺炎 COVID-19
2月11日，世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞宣布，将新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎命名为“COVID-19”。
"We now have a name for the disease and it's COVID-19," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told reporters in Geneva.
在日内瓦，世界卫生组织总干事谭德塞对记者表示：“我们将这个疾病命名为COVID-19。”
这个名字COVID-19来源于corona(冠状)、virus(病毒)以及disease(疾病)三个词，而19则代表这个疾病出现的年份2019年。新冠肺炎疫情是在2019年12月31日上报至世界卫生组织的。
谭德塞指出：
"We had to find a name that did not refer to a geographical location, an animal, an individual or group of people, and which is also pronounceable and related to the disease," the WHO chief said.
我们要取的名字不能指向某个地理位置、某个动物、某个人或群体，同时这个名字要易读，且与该疾病相关。
"Having a name matters to prevent the use of other names that can be inaccurate or stigmatizing. It also gives us a standard format to use for any future coronavirus outbreaks."
正式命名可以阻止其他不准确或者污名化名称的使用，同时，也让我们在今后的冠状病毒疫情命名时有标准可循。
新型冠状病毒名称为SARS-CoV-2
The virus itself has been designated SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
新型冠状病毒的名称则由国际病毒分类委员会指定为SARS-CoV-2。
冠状病毒(coronavirus)是一个病毒大家族，其中包括引起普通感冒的病毒，以及曾经造成重大疫情的：
► 严重急性呼吸综合征(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，SARS)冠状病毒;
► 中东呼吸综合征(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome，MERS)冠状病毒。
此前，世界卫生组织建议使用的临时名称，英文叫“2019-nCoV”。2019指代病毒被发现的年份，后面的nCoV是“新型冠状病毒”英文翻译new/novel coronavirus的缩写。
为什么给病毒起名讲究这么多?
美国约翰斯·霍普金斯健康安全中心高级学者、助理教授克丽丝特尔·沃森(Crystal Watson, senior scholar and assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security)表示虽然当下焦点都放在了公共卫生应对上，不过病毒命名工作也值得优先处理。
"The naming of a new virus is often quite delayed and the focus until now has been on the public health response, which is understandable."
“给新病毒的命名通常都会滞后许多，而且到目前为止，焦点都放在公共卫生应对上，这是可以理解的。”
"But there are reasons the naming should be a priority."
“但是，病毒命名工作应该优先处理，是有原因的。”
她给出了几点原因：
❶ "The name it has now is not easy to use and the media and the public are using other names for the virus," says Dr Watson.
“目前的病毒名称用起来并不方便，而媒体和公众都在使用病毒的别名。”
❷ "The danger when you don't have an official name is that people start using terms like China Virus, and that can create a backlash against certain populations."
“没有正式名称的危险在于，人们开始使用诸如‘中国病毒’等表述，这会导致人们对部分特定人群产生强烈抵制。”
❸ With social media, unofficial names take hold quickly and are hard to take back, she says.
她说，非官方的名称很容易在社交媒体上迅速流行起来，这很难撤回。
其实，给病毒起名不慎，早已有前车之鉴。
The H1N1 virus in 2009 was dubbed "swine flu". this led Egypt to slaughter all of its pigs, even though it was spread by people, not pigs.
2009年的甲型H1N1流感病毒曾另被称作“猪流感”，结果导致埃及屠宰了境内全部的猪。但其实这种流感病毒是由人传播，而不是猪传播。
正式名称不合适也可能引发各种潜在问题。
世界卫生组织就曾在2015年批评过“中东呼吸综合征” (MERS：Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)这一名称。
命名中含有地区信息，这就可能招致不必要的地域歧视。毕竟病毒只是在这一地区偶然发现的，没人能够证明世界上其他地方就不存在该病毒。
世卫组织在一篇声明中说道：
"We've seen certain disease names provoke a backlash against members of particular religious or ethnic communities, create unjustified barriers to travel, commerce and trade, and trigger needless slaughtering of food animals."
“我们注意到某些疾病的名称煽动起了对特定宗教或是族裔成员的抵制，对旅行、商业和贸易造成不正当的障碍，并且引发了对食用动物不必要的屠杀。”
2015年，世卫组织发布了命名新型人类传染病的指导原则，要求名称中不能包含以下信息：
◆ 地理位置
geographical locations
◆ 人名
people's names
◆ 动物或食物的名字
the name of an animal or a kind of food
◆ 指向特定文化或行业
references to a particular culture or industry
临床诊断病例 clinically diagnosed cases
Hubei province reported 14,840 new cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia on Wednesday, compared to 1,638 new cases reported on Tuesday, according to the province’s health commission on Thursday morning.
湖北省卫健委2月13日早晨发布的数据显示，2月12日，该省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例，而2月11日，湖北省的新增病例为1638例。
通报显示，湖北省新增新冠肺炎病例14840例(含临床诊断病例13332例)。
什么是临床诊断病例(clinically diagnosed cases)?为什么要新增临床诊断病例?
In a statement released on Thursday morning, the commission said it now considers patients who are clinically diagnosed as having the novel coronavirus disease as confirmed patients when releasing the figures. Previously only patients testing positive for the virus were regarded as confirmed patients in Hubei.
湖北省卫健委在通报中表示，湖北省将临床诊断病例数纳入确诊病例数进行公布。此前，只有病毒检测为阳性的患者才能被纳入确诊患者。
随着对新型冠状病毒肺炎认识的深入和诊疗经验的积累，针对湖北省疫情特点，国家卫生健康委办公厅、国家中医药管理局办公室印发的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》在湖北省的病例诊断分类中增加了“临床诊断”，以便患者能及早按照确诊病例接受规范治疗，进一步提高救治成功率。
中央指导组专家、北京朝阳医院副院长童朝晖表示：
Revising the diagnosis standard can help doctors give a diagnosis for the disease. They can now give a diagnosis relying on a combination of factors, such as lung images, physical conditions and epidemiological history.
修订诊断标准有益于临床医生对疾病多一个判断。在临床工作中，我们从肺部影像、体征以及流行病学史等方面综合诊断。
粪便样本 stool specimens
Researchers from multiple organizations, including the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease under Guangzhou Medical University, have successfully isolated a strain of virus from swab sample of an infected patient's feces, said Zhao Jincun, a member of Chinese respiratory expert Zhong Nanshan's research group, at a press conference Thursday.
钟南山院士团队专家、呼吸疾病国家重点实验室副主任赵金存教授介绍，广州医科大学呼吸疾病国家重点实验室等多个研究机构的研究人员，从一例新冠肺炎患者的粪便拭子标本中分离到一株新型冠状病毒。
The swab sample was provided by the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, said Zhao, also a professor with the laboratory.
该样本是由珠海中山大学附属第五医院提供的粪便拭子标本。
Meanwhile, a research team led by Li Lanjuan, a renowned Chinese epidemiologist, also isolated novel coronavirus strains from stool specimens of infected patients. Three of the five feces samples tested positive, according to Wu Nanping, deputy director of the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University.
我国知名病毒学家李兰娟院士团队近日也同样从患者粪便样本中分离到病毒。浙江大学传染病诊治国家重点实验室副主任吴南屏教授介绍，研究人员从5份粪便样本中分离到了3份新型冠状病毒阳性。
赵金存表示，这个发现证实了排出的粪便的确存在活病毒，不过目前还没有充分的证据说明存在粪口传播(fecal-oral transmission)。
国家卫生健康委新闻发言人、宣传司副司长米锋表示：
Transmission through means of respiratory and contact remain the major routes of the novel coronavirus spreading. Despite digestive tract problems of some patients, either as incipient symptoms or complications, the main clinical symptoms of the disease are fever, general weakness and dry cough, Mi said, adding that the coronavirus isolated from patients' feces is not yet illustrative to prove the change of the transmission route.
不管患者消化道症状是初发症状还是并发症状，发热、乏力、干咳仍然是最重要的临床表现。粪便中分离到病毒并不意味着该病主要传播途径发生变化，仍为呼吸道和接触传播为主。
Mi said that stomach and intestine symptoms, such as diarrhea, of some patients in the early stages, the positive test for the coronavirus nucleic acid in feces samples of patients and the isolated virus from patients' feces samples indicate the proliferation of the virus can happen in the digestive tract after infection.
部分病例早期的症状中有腹泻等胃肠道的症状，患者粪便的标本中核酸检测阳性或分离到病毒，提示感染新冠病毒后，病毒在消化道内也可以增殖。
注意个人和家庭卫生
米锋表示，戴好口罩和做好手卫生(wearing masks and keeping hands clean)是最重要、最有效的防护措施，坚持勤洗手、规范洗手和手消毒(washing hands more frequently, in the right way and disinfection of hands)，可以从根本上减少感染风险。
吴南屏建议：大家注意公共卫生，多洗手、吃熟食，食物要洗净烧透(make sure that food is thoroughly cleaned and well cooked)，注意个人卫生及必要的污水处理(sewage treatment)。
赵金存表示，提醒大家要更加重视个人和家庭的清洁，如便后洗手，注意下水道的通畅(make sure the plumbing system run smoothly)，以避免有可能出现的粪便病毒的传播。
血浆治疗 plasma therapy
In the latest guideline over the diagnosis and treatment of the virus issued on Feb 5, the top health authorities said plasma of recovering patients could be employed to fight the disease.
国家卫生健康委员会2月5日发布的《新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)》，提出可采用恢复期患者的血浆治疗新冠病毒。
业内专家指出，从临床病理发生过程看，大部分新冠肺炎患者经过治疗康复后，身体内会产生针对新冠病毒的特异性抗体(antibodies for the novel coronavirus)，可杀灭和清除病毒。
2月8日，以新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎诊疗方案(试行第五版)为指南，首期在武汉市江夏区第一人民医院开展了3名危重患者的新冠特免血浆治疗，目前连同后续医院治疗的危重病人超过了10人。
Seven patients are receiving treatment using the therapy at Jiangxia First People's Hospital, in Wuhan's Jiangxia district, Liu Bende, vice-president of the hospital, said.
武汉市江夏区第一人民医院副院长刘本德表示，该医院有7名患者正在接受恢复期血浆治疗。
Twelve to 24 hours after the therapy, patients have seen a decline in indicators of inflammation and a hike in lymphocytes, among other favorable turns.
患者接受治疗12至24小时后，实验室检测主要炎症指标明显下降，淋巴细胞比例上升，血氧饱和度、其他重点指标全面向好。
"Of the patients, those in serious condition have not deteriorated so far, while those in a milder condition have showed improvement," he said. "In general, we have not seen serious side effects or complications due to the therapy."
他指出，接受该疗法的患者中，重症患者情况没有恶化，症状较轻患者情况有改善。总体来说，没有发现因血浆疗法而产生严重的副作用或并发症。
2月13日，湖北省武汉金银潭医院院长张定宇在发布会上恳请康复后的患者捐献血浆，共同拯救还在与病魔作斗争的病人。
那么，符合哪些条件的恢复期患者的血浆，才会被采样并使用?
上海市公共卫生临床中心医务部主任沈银忠表示，
Cured patients have to meet certain criteria before donating plasma. "First, donors must be in good health… we won't collect their plasma forcefully," Shen said. "They must donate voluntarily."
康复患者捐献血浆要符合一些特定的要求，首先，捐献者身体要健康，我们不可能强行去采他的血，患者要自愿。
江夏区第一人民医院副院长刘本德表示，
Plasma from patients with chronic diseases cannot be used, even if they have recovered from novel coronavirus pneumonia.
患有慢性病的新冠肺炎康复患者捐献的血浆也不能使用。
康复者治愈后多久可以捐献?
金银潭医院院长张定宇表示，建议康复者在治愈两周后参加捐献(donate plasma two weeks after full recovery)，这样能保证他体内的病毒已经得到很好地清除。
野生动物违规交易 illegal trade of wild animals
国家林草局与国家市场监管总局、公安部、农业农村部、海关总署日前联合开展打击野生动物违规交易专项执法行动，取缔和严厉打击疫情期间野生动物违规交易行为。
Sites used to breed wild animals will be placed under strict isolation, and nearby warning signs are now required, according to an announcement by the five departments released on Friday.
专项执法行动要求，严格隔离饲养繁育野生动物场所，场所周边应当设置隔离警示标识。
Furthermore, trade or transportation of wild animals and related products are prohibited in both brick and mortar stores and e-commerce platforms. Exceptions are only made for fished aquatic products.
专项执法行动指出，除捕捞水产品外，严禁各类实体店及电商平台等经营场所开展任何形式的野生动物及制品交易和运输活动。
The announcement said any store that breaks the law will be closed, and anybody illegally trading or transporting wild animals will receive heavier punishment in accordance with related laws and regulations.
经营场所一律查封，违法从事出售、购买、利用、运输、携带、寄递野生动物及制品等交易活动的，依据相关法律法规予以从重处罚。
1月26日，为严防新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情，阻断可能的传染源和传播途径，市场监管总局、农业农村部、国家林草局决定，即日起至全国疫情解除期间，禁止野生动物交易活动(impose a temporary ban on the trade of all wild animals across the country)。
In Yunnan province, 2,351 wild animal farms have been temporarily closed to the public, and all administrative approvals related to wild animals have been suspended.
云南省对2351家野生动物人工驯养繁育场所进行了封控管理，暂停野生动物相关行政审批。
By Feb 11, the Yunnan forestry security department had handled 186 cases of illegal wild animal trading with 20 suspects being held and 1,405 live animals caught.
截至2月11日，云南省森林公安局处理野生动物违法交易案件186起，抓获嫌疑人20人，收缴野生动物活体1405头(只)。
流行病学特征 epidemiological characteristics
2月17日，中国疾病预防控制中心新型冠状病毒肺炎应急响应机制流行病学组在《中华流行病学杂志》上发表新冠肺炎最新研究《新型冠状病毒肺炎流行病学特征分析(the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases)》。
该研究根据传染病信息系统中报告的截至2月11日中国内地所有新冠肺炎共计72314例病例数据，对新冠肺炎流行病学特征进行了描述和分析。
It finds that 80.9% of infections are classified as mild, 13.8% as severe and 4.7% as critical. The number of deaths among those infected, known as the fatality rate, remains low but rises among those over 80 years old.
研究发现，80.9%的新冠病毒感染者为轻症，13.8%为重症，4.7%为危重。病死率保持在低位，不过在80岁以上人群中病死率有所上升。
Looking at the sex ratio, men are more likely to die (2.8%) than women (1.7%).
性别比例方面，男性患者的病死率为2.8%，高于女性(1.7%)。
The study also identifies which existing illnesses put patients at risk. It puts cardiovascular disease at number one, followed by diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and hypertension.
该研究还发现一些现有疾病会对感染者病情产生影响，影响最大的是心血管疾病，其次为糖尿病，慢性呼吸系统疾病以及高血压。
The paper says that a total of 3,019 health workers have been infected, 1,716 of which were confirmed cases. Five had died by February 11.
研究指出，共有3019名医护人员感染，其中1716名为确诊病例。截至2月11日，已有5名医护人员殉职。
据国家卫健委官方网站数据显示，2月18日0—24时，全国除湖北以外地区新增确诊病例56例，连续15日呈现下降态势。
The study suggests that the downward trend in the overall epidemic curve could mean that "isolation of whole cities, broadcast of critical information (e.g., promoting hand washing, mask wearing) with high frequency through multiple channels, and mobilization of a multi-sector rapid response teams is helping to curb the epidemic".
该研究指出，疫情总体曲线呈下降态势说明“城市封闭管理，多渠道高频率的关键信息传播(比如，宣传洗手、戴口罩等)，以及多部门快速响应团队的发动在抑制疫情方面发挥了作用”。
诊疗方案 treatment plan
国家卫健委2月19日发布《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第六版)》，在第五版诊疗方案的基础上，对传播途径、临床表现、治疗等多方面内容进行了修改细化。
The latest version of the plan abolished different epidemic-related standards inside and outside the epicenter of Hubei province, and will only identify "suspected cases" and "confirmed cases" across the country.
最新版诊断标准取消了湖北省和湖北省以外其他省份的区别，统一分为“疑似病例”和“确诊病例”两类。
国家卫健委有关专家表示，诊疗方案五次调整更新，边实践边总结边完善，将很多行之有效的治疗经验纳入指导工作当中，不断提高疾病的规范化诊疗水平。
具体来看，第六版诊疗方案将“经呼吸道飞沫和接触传播是主要的传播途径”改为“经呼吸道飞沫和密切接触传播是主要的传播途径(the main transmission route is droplet transmission and close contact transmission)。”“接触”前增加“密切”二字。增加“在相对封闭的环境中长时间暴露于高浓度气溶胶情况下存在经气溶胶传播的可能(aerosol transmission of the novel coronavirus is possible if one is exposed to a highly concentrated mixture in an enclosed area for an extended period)。”
临床表现上，重症患者严重者除了“快速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(develop rapidly into Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)、脓毒症休克(septic shock)、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒(difficult-to-tackle metabolic acidosis)和出凝血功能障碍(bleeding and coagulation dysfunction)”外，还可出现“多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ failure)”。
此外，在重症、危重症病例的治疗(treatment of patients displaying serious or critical symptoms)中，对康复者血浆治疗(infusions of blood plasma from recovered patients)的适用症和用法、用量进一步细化。
值得注意的是，诊疗方案还增加了“出院后注意事项”，患者出院后，因恢复期机体免疫功能低下，有感染其他病原体风险，应继续进行14天自我健康状况监测(recovered patients should monitor health conditions and continue to quarantine themselves for 14 days)，佩戴口罩，有条件的居住在通风良好的单人房间，减少与家人的近距离密切接触，分餐饮食，做好手卫生，避免外出活动。建议在出院后第2周、第4周到医院随访、复诊(at the second and fourth week after being discharged, they are supposed to revisit the hospital and undergo a checkup)。
减免企业社会保险费 cut corporate contributions to social insurance
人社部会同财政部、税务总局研究制定了《关于阶段性减免企业社会保险费的通知》，明确了免、减、缓三项措施。
To help enterprises withstand the epidemic and stabilize employment, the country will cut corporate contributions to the old-age pension, unemployment and workplace safety insurance funds by at least 500 billion yuan this year, according to You Jun, vice-minister of human resources and social security.
人社部副部长游钧表示，为了帮助企业抵抗疫情、稳定就业，我国今年将减免养老、失业以及工伤这三项社会保险单位的缴费，预计减免规模将超5000亿元。
【知识点】
我国的社保制度(social insurance system)由五险一金组成。所谓五险一金，即养老保险(endowment insurance)、医疗保险(medical insurance)、失业保险(unemployment insurance)、工伤保险(employment injury insurance)和生育保险(maternity insurance)，及住房公积金(housing provident fund)。
游钧在国务院联防联控机制新闻发布会上说:
Nationwide micro, small-and medium-sized enterprises-as well as all types of enterprises in Hubei province, the outbreak epicenter-will be eligible for exemption of the old-age pension, unemployment and workplace safety insurance payments from February to June.
免，即从2020年2月起，各省份可以对中小微企业的养老、失业、工伤保险的三项社保的单位缴费实行免征，免征的期限不超过5个月，即免征的政策可以执行到6月份。湖北省可以将免征的范围扩大到各类参保企业。
Large enterprises outside Hubei will see their contributions halved from February to April.
减，即湖北以外的全国其他省份对大型企业等其他参保单位的三项社保单位缴费可减半征收，减征的期限不超过3个月。
Companies undergoing severe difficulties due to the epidemic are eligible for the deferral of the three types of social insurance payments for as long as six months.No overdue fine will be charged during this period.
缓，即受疫情影响，生产经营出现严重困难的企业可申请缓缴，缓缴的期限原则上不超过6个月，缓缴期间免收滞纳金。
此外，住房城乡建设部会同财政部、中国人民银行研究提出了关于住房公积金的支持政策。
Before the end of June, companies may also apply for deferring their payments to the housing provident fund. Failure by employees to repay their housing provident fund loans due to the epidemic will not be taken as a default.
企业可按规定申请在2020年6月30日前缓缴住房公积金。受疫情影响住房公积金贷款不能正常还款的，不作逾期处理。
一线医护人员 frontline medical workers
2月22日，中央应对新型冠状病毒感染肺炎疫情工作领导小组印发《关于全面落实进一步保护关心爱护医务人员若干措施的通知》(以下简称《通知》)。
Front-line medical workers in Hubei province, including those with medical assistance teams from other parts of the country, will have their salaries tripled during the epidemic control fight, and subsidies for them will be further boosted, according to the document.
《通知》指出，将湖北省(含援湖北医疗队)一线医务人员薪酬水平提高2倍，同时进一步提高临时性工作补助。
【单词讲解】
Triple在这里用作动词，意思是“(使)增至三倍”，比如，一名医务工作人员原来的月薪是8000元，如果下个月的工资是8000元的triple，那就是24000元，实际上工资增加的幅度为原工资的两倍16000元，中文习惯表达为“提高了两倍”。其他表示倍数的词double(两倍)、quadruple(四倍)等也是同样的用法。
《通知》指出，新冠肺炎疫情发生以来，全国广大医务人员义无反顾冲上疫情防控第一线，为保护人民生命健康作出重大贡献。当前全国疫情防控进入关键时期，医务人员工作任务重、感染风险高、工作压力大，各地各有关部门务必高度重视对他们的保护、关心、爱护，加强各方面支持保障，解除他们的后顾之忧，使他们始终保持强大战斗力、昂扬斗志、旺盛精力，持续健康、心无旁骛投入战胜疫情斗争。
除提高薪酬待遇之外，《通知》还提出了其他保护关心爱护医务人员的措施。
要做好工伤认定和待遇保障。
Streamlined procedures to facilitate compensation for work-related infections will be provided.
简化理赔程序，保障医务人员及时享受工伤保险待遇。
要实施职称评聘倾斜措施。
Front-line medical workers who have participated in epidemic prevention and control will be given preference in cases of getting promotions or applying for professional titles.
一线医务人员在职称评聘中优先申报、优先参评、优先聘任。
要落实一线医务人员生活保障。
Clean and nutritious meals should be provided, together with comfortable living environment and commuter services.
干净、营养、便捷的就餐服务，舒适的生活休息环境，并解决通勤问题。
要加强医务人员个人防护。
The circular also stressed that demand for protective equipment at designated hospitals, fever clinics and quarantine facilities must be prioritized.
全力保障定点救治医院、发热门诊、集中隔离观察点等一线医务人员防护物资需求。
要确保轮换休整到位。
Medical workers will take mandatory rest after long working hours, their paid vacation days should be increased after the epidemic.
对长时间高负荷工作人员安排强制休息。疫情结束后，适当增加休息和带薪休假时间。
要及时做好心理调适疏导。
Medical workers will receive mental health consultation.
开展一线医务人员心理健康评估。
要切实落实有困难家庭的照顾帮扶。
Family members of medical workers who have difficulties in their daily lives will receive greater support, according to the circular. They will gain improved access to medical care, and community officials will be responsible for providing assistance to them, including their children.
开通一线医务人员家属就医绿色通道，建立社区干部联系帮扶一线医务人员家庭制度，对于一线医务人员子女教育给予更多帮助关爱。
要创造更加安全的执业环境。
We should safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of medical workers.
保障医务人员合法权益。
要开展烈士褒扬和先进表彰。
We should award outstanding medical workers and honor those who died fighting the epidemic as martyrs, and give preferential treatment to their children in school enrolling.
依法做好因疫情防控牺牲殉职人员的烈士评定和褒扬工作，对于获得表彰以及被认定为烈士的医务人员的子女，在入学升学方面按规定享受相关待遇。
景区实名制购票 real-name ticketing at scenic spots
文化和旅游部2月25日下发的《旅游景区恢复开放疫情防控措施指南》明确，景区恢复开放应坚持分区分级原则，不搞“一刀切”，疫情高风险地区旅游景区暂缓开放，疫情中、低风险地区的旅游景区开放由当地党委政府决定。
The guidelines required real-name ticketing, registration of tourists' contact and travel information and big data-powered monitoring of tourist information as scenic attractions have gradually started reopening to the public.
随着各地旅游景区陆续恢复开放，指南要求景区实行实名制购票，记录入园游客联络方式、来往交通等信息，利用大数据等手段，做好游客信息动态监测。
指南要求：
各地恢复开放的景区应严控游客流量(control tourist volume)，有效采取门票预约、智慧引导等手段，科学分流疏导游客，防止人员聚集(avoid crowds)。
应采取分时段、间隔性办法安排游客入园(allow tourists admission during different time periods)，景区出入口(entrances and exits of scenic spots)、重要参观点(hot tourist spots)等容易出现人员聚集的位置要配备管理人员，加强游客秩序管理。
指南鼓励各景区采取互联网售票(online ticketing)、二维码验票(check in with QR code)等方式减少人员接触，游客在测量体温、佩戴口罩后方可入园(tourists should have their temperatures taken and wear masks before entrance)。
对发现疑似病例的景区，要立即采取隔离措施(take quarantine measures)，加强密切接触者追踪(tracking close contacts)、疫点消毒工作(disinfection)，并暂时关闭景区，待情况得到控制后，再按程序报批恢复开放。
景区恢复开放前应做好员工健康监测和报告(monitor and report their employees' health conditions)，掌握员工出行轨迹(travel records)等情况，对来自疫情严重地区的人员要实施隔离观察，实行“一进一测一登记”制度，进入景区前须进行体温检测。
硕士研究生扩招 expand enrolment of postgraduates
近日召开的国务院常务会议推出鼓励吸纳高校毕业生和农民工就业的措施。
he meeting decided to expand the enrolment of postgraduates and degree programs for junior college graduates, create more jobs in medical and social services at the community level, and strengthen support for micro and small enterprises to recruit more college graduates.
会议决定，扩大今年硕士研究生招生和专升本规模，增加基层医疗、社会服务等岗位招募规模，加大对小微企业吸纳高校毕业生就业的支持。
【单词讲解】
在国外大学招生的过程中，经常会看到admission和enrolment这两个词，具体说来，admission指的是这个学校的招生条件，符合这个条件的学生都可以报考/申请这个学校，所以，admission一般指整个的招生录取过程;而enrolment则指最后被学校录取、学生入校注册。当然，admission在日常的使用中还有“准许进入(某地)”的意思，比如admission fee就是“入场费、门票费”。
教育部的数据显示，报名参加2020年硕士研究生考试的考生人数创新高。
A total of 3.41 million people took part in China's 2020 national entrance exam for postgraduate studies in Decembber, 510,000 more than last year, the Ministry of Education said. A record 8.74 million university students are expected to graduate this year.
去年12月份参加2020年硕士研究生考试的考生达到341万，比上年增加了51万。今年的大学毕业生预计将有874万。
国务院常务会议推出的其他鼓励就业措施还包括：
引导用人单位推迟面试和录取时间(postpone interviews and hiring)，对延迟离校应届毕业生推迟报到、落户等时限(delay the registration time and settlement of hukou for graduates who defer their graduation)。
对离校未就业高校毕业生提供2年户口和档案托管(unemployed graduates can have their hukou and personal files held in trust for two years)，按应届毕业生身份办理就业手续。
积极扩大农民工就业。加大稳岗和就业补助。拓宽就地就近就业渠道(create more local or nearby jobs)。
新上一批带动就业能力强的项目(a group of new projects providing a large number of posts will be approved)。
重大工程建设、以工代赈项目优先吸纳贫困劳动力(prioritize poverty-stricken workers in recruitment)。
共享员工 employee sharing
新冠肺炎疫情打乱了很多行业的阵脚。很多餐饮企业遭遇寒冬，门庭冷落客流稀少;新零售企业的线上订单却呈爆发式增长，人手出现短缺，于是出现了“共享员工”这一新的用工模式。
Several Chinese companies are temporarily hiring — or “sharing” — employees from businesses that haven’t resumed operations or are only partially operating due to concerns over the novel coronavirus epidemic. The so-called shared employees, known as gongxiang yuangong in Chinese, are being hired by supermarkets, e-commerce platforms’ retail stores, and other companies or factories to ease the workforce crunch.
我国多家企业正在临时雇用因为新冠疫情而没有复工或仅部分复工企业的员工。这些员工被称为“共享员工”，他们受雇于超市、电商零售店以及其他公司或工厂以缓解用工荒。
2月初，盒马鲜生超市发布公告，宣布接纳云海肴、青年餐厅的部分员工入驻盒马门店工作，相关合作涉及上海、北京、南京等多地，共计近500人。
According to domestic media outlet National Business Daily, more than 3,000 new employees had joined Hema as of Feb 19, while over 4,000 people had signed up for the “talent-sharing” plan under Suning’s logistics arm as of Feb 21. The American supermarket chain Walmart has also joined in the trend, hiring more than 3,000 temporary workers from other sectors to work at its branches in cities like Beijing, Fuzhou, and Shenzhen.
据《每日经济新闻》报道，截至2月19日，已经有3000多名员工加入盒马鲜生;截至2月21日，有4000多人加入苏宁旗下物流公司的“人才共享”计划。美国连锁超市沃尔玛也加入这一行列，从其他行业临时雇用了3000多名员工在其北京、福州以及深圳的分店工作。
此外，京东7FRESH、永辉等多家零售企业以及哈啰出行等共享单车企业也陆续发布“员工共享”计划，向临时歇业的餐饮、酒店、影院等企业员工发出邀请，以期抱团取暖，共克时艰。
Bike-sharing company Hellobike has opened 8,000 positions nationwide for bicycle maintenance, according to state-owned Xinhua News Agency. In Hefei, capital of the eastern Anhui province, Hellobike is seeking 300 temporary workers, while 40 employees from a local hotel have started working at an industrial park on one-month contracts.
据新华社报道，共享单车企业哈啰出行已面向全国发出8000个自行车维护岗位。在安徽省合肥市，哈啰出行正在招募300名临时员工，与此同时，当地一家宾馆的40名员工已经在一个工业园上岗，合同期为一个月。
中南财经政法大学数字经济研究院执行院长盘和林指出，“共享员工(employee sharing)”在暂时劳动力过剩的传统餐饮业与暂时劳动力紧缺的新兴电商零售平台之间激发了劳动共享，传统餐饮企业、电商零售平台和员工三方都解了燃眉之急(address the pressing need of traditional catering enterprises, e-commerce platforms and workers)。
不过，“共享员工”模式可能存在的用工风险也引发了关注。
业内人士认为，在劳务关系下，“共享员工”模式属于跨行业借调用工的模式，即社保仍由原单位缴纳、工资由借用单位承担并由原单位负责发放。
Yao Junchang, a lawyer with Beijing Weiheng Law Firm, told Workers’ Daily that companies hiring temporary workers should include detailed provisions in their agreements, including the duration of employment, salary and policy for work-related injury compensation.
北京炜衡律师事务所合伙人姚均昌律师在接受《工人日报》记者采访时指出，企业应该就员工的雇用期限、工资标准、工伤赔偿责任承担等方面作出具体约定。
“At the same time, the companies lending the employees should sign a complete secondment arrangement, pay employees in full, and pay social security on time,” he said. “Employees should pay more attention to safety precautions and require a tripartite agreement or labor agreement to be signed during the temporary employment period and keep records as evidence.”
同时，借出企业要签订完善的借调协议、及时足额为员工缴纳社保并支付工资，保障员工的合法权益;员工应更注重安全防护，借调期间应当要求签订三方协议或劳务协议，保留好工作记录和证据。
(中国日报网英语点津 Helen)
