Basic Information
Chinese name: penis
Foreign name: The penis
Nature: male genitalia
Clinic: Urology, Andrology
Gender: Male
Main functions: urination, intercourse and ejaculation
Briefly
Penis worship is a product of the era of primitive patriarchal clan society. The reason why the primitive society has a strong interest in penis worship is entirely for the purpose of multiplying the population and prospering the race.
In the savage and barbaric era of the chaos, there was no writing, and the word of mouth was incomplete. The genitals of female genitals give birth to children, which is familiar to people, so they must be worshipped. After entering the patriarchal clan society, when a man knows that he has made meritorious deeds in childbirth, he will not let the female genitals do it alone; after struggle, the worship of the penis (male root) gradually prevails. So from the symbol of female genital worship to the symbol of male root worship. The worship of male genitals and phalluses reflects the desire to reproduce human beings and is projected on primitive religious activities and social behaviors. "The reason why it emphasizes male organs is that the genitals are the most representative of male characteristics; the second is that due to the dominant position of the patriarchy, his thoughts also marked the patriarchy in the worship of the penis.
Penis worship is common among primitive societies and ethnic minorities. The Mongolian people have the custom of penis worship. The most famous one is the Heshuote Mongolian people. The Heshuote palace not only has a natural yin and yang stone, the Fuxi Nuwa stone, but Prince Abao also ordered the people to follow the appearance of the yin and yang stone. Two cultural landscapes (Rengen Peak and Mumen Cave) have been built in the area of Alxa for the people to worship and worship.
Morphological characteristics
shape
The shape of the penis of different animals is different, especially the glans part is very different. The penis of a horse is thicker and cylindrical with slightly flattened sides; the penis of cattle and sheep is thinner, forming an "S" shape behind the scrotum; the penis of a pig is also thin, forming an "S" shape in front of the scrotum. many marsupials, except for the two largest kangaroos, have a bifurcated penis (that is, two columns at the end of the penis). The penis can be divided into three parts: the glans penis at the front, the body at the middle, and the root at the back.
penis head
The glans penis is the enlarged part of the front end of the penis, commonly known as the "glans", and its shape varies with different animal species. The glans of cattle are pointed and slightly twisted. The horse's glans is blunt and round, with a glans crown formed on the periphery and a urethral process (2.5 cm) in the glans fossa. The glans of pigs are spiral-shaped with a shallow spiral groove. The glans of sheep is a cap-shaped protuberance, with a urethral process extending into the front of the glans (sheep is curved and slender, goats are thick and straight), the glans of dogs has a penis bone (large dogs can reach 10 cm), and there are two glans in the back of the penis head. ball. The glans of tigers and cats have keratinized papillae.
penis body
The middle part of the penis is the body of the penis, which is cylindrical, with ligaments suspended from the front and lower part of the pubic symphysis, which is the movable part. The penis body of the elephant is cylindrical, thinner and longer, about 90 cm. It is located under the abdominal wall, starts from the ischial arch, and extends forward to the umbilicus through between the left and right thighs. The penis body of the tiger is long cylindrical, about 18 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter, gray-brown, opaque.
The glans is conical with a rounded top and small papillae or sand-like small barbs in the middle and lower part, which are rough to the touch. There is a foreskin or foreskin turned up outside the glans, a short penis bone inside, and the urethral opening is ya-shaped. The bovine penis body is prolate cylindrical, thick at the base, acuminate at the apex, 30-70 cm long, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, brown or light brown, and translucent. The glans head is long and conical in shape, with barbs that are cut with scissors or wrapped with thin skin with barb-like protrusions on the surface of the ox tongue. Outside the glans with or without foreskin, no testicles, no penile bone. The top of the glans is cut into a trident. The body of the penis is composed of the corpus cavernosum and the corpus urethra, and is rich in blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
Erectile tissue and erection: The erectile tissue is mainly a pair of corpus cavernosum, which is covered with thick fibrous tissue on the back of the corpus cavernosum of the urethra. The corpus cavernosum is composed of many small canals of fibrous tissue, and the trabeculae are divided into many gaps. In fact, the capillaries are enlarged and become venous sinuses. When the erection is excited, a large amount of blood is injected into the cavernous vessels, and the volume increases. Retraction is due to the release of the ischiocavernosus muscle on the dorsal vein of the penis, allowing blood to flow back.
penis root
The back end of the penis is the root of the penis, which is hidden in the deep surface of the scrotum and perineal skin, and is fixed to the inferior pubic and ischial ramus, which is the fixed part. The root of the penis is the starting point of the penis. Penis peduncle - divided into two penis peduncles starting from the base of the penis, fixed on both sides of the pubic arch.
Knowledge about the penis
A healthy body and strong muscles are the goals of a man, but these are not always as strong as the penis to make men feel confident. The penis also needs maintenance. If you want to maintain it, you must understand the basic functions of the penis, which are normal and which are abnormal. Now, let's get to know the basics about the penis together.
Basic knowledge of penis
1. Many people have a slight curvature of their penis when they have an erection, and the degree varies from person to person. Some will bend upwards and downwards, and some will turn left or right. this is definitely not a supernatural ability or a strange disease. This is normal as long as it doesn't cause discomfort or interfere with your sexual activity.
2. What standard do men usually use to measure their masculinity? Muscle, strength, or the length of the penis? The penis of Eastern and Western people is almost the same, and it is roughly ten centimeters after erection. Sexuality has nothing to do with penis length, but is closely related to hardness and durability, and the harmonious satisfaction of both parties. Some of the so-called "short and fine poles" seem to be very majestic, but they are not useful in the original, so remember to "don't talk about the shortcomings of others, and don't show off your strengths".
3. Sperm can be produced every day and can survive in the vagina or cervix for 72 hours.
4. Most of the penis is composed of corpus cavernosum, which is covered with a layer of epidermis. When sexually excited, the corpus cavernosum will become congested, making the penis hard, long and thick for sexual intercourse. This is the so-called "Erection".
5. For some men, it will be their dream goal to be able to stand for a long time. Some people will also use the length of erection as a comparison. In fact, it will be unhappy if the penis is erect. If it doesn't subside for too long, not only will you not enjoy the pleasure of sexual desire, but it will also make you feel miserable. This can be caused by injections of incapacitating drugs or by developing leukemia.
6. Men will also know something in their daily life. The size, length, and thickness of the penis vary from person to person. As long as they can have a normal erection, ejaculate normally within a certain period of time, and there is no discomfort, it is basically normal. . If you feel pain, or other symptoms, it is necessary to go to the hospital for examination.
Size
The scientific way to measure penis length should be from the pubic bone to the glans. There are two methods commonly used by doctors: one is the measurement of the length of the non-erect penis: the room temperature is 18°C, take an upright posture, lift the penis to 90° with the body, and use a ruler to measure the length from the pubic symphysis above the penis to the top of the penis head. The second is the measurement of the length of the erect penis: take an upright posture, pinch the head of the penis and pull it forward, and pull it until it cannot be extended, and use a ruler to measure the length of the pubic symphysis to the head of the penis (the length after pulling is the same as the length of the erection). basically the same length).
The International Men's Health Organization (MTD) has obtained the formula for calculating whether the penis size is normal through nearly 30 years of research (Asia): normal penis length M=(height T-105)*0.618/3.14 (cm) normal penis diameter D=M/ 3.14 (cm) (Europe = Asia/1.414/0.618) cm The above formula is just based on most statistics, and actual data proves that there is no relationship between penis length and height.
Penis size is closely related to race and genetics. Animal penis size is related to the geographical environment in which they live. A study of animals all over the world showed that the size of the penis of male mammals is related to the geographical environment in which they live. Animals at different latitudes have different mating methods due to different environments, which leads to Differences in penis size. Male animals living in cold regions have larger penises in order to complete mating more smoothly and facilitate reproduction. Steven Ferguson from the Lake Winnipeg Freshwater Research Institute in Canada and Sage Larryville from the Delta Shorebirds Foundation both said that a large sex organ is directly related to the geographical environment in which the animal lives. Animals living in warm climates, males in higher latitudes are more beneficial to have a larger penis.
The researchers collected data on penis bone size from 122 mammal species from around the world, and then they looked at whether the size of the animals' penises was related to factors such as temperature and latitude in the regions where they lived. Those living in the polar regions have relatively long penile bones compared with animals living in the tropics, the authors say in a study published in the journal Oikos. The researchers say the difference may be due to the different mating styles of animals in different climate zones. For example, elephant trunk seals, which live in more comfortable lower latitudes, prefer to live in groups.
Males fight over mates, and the victors often have "wives and concubines." This type of mating results in the inheritance of traits of larger-bodied individuals so that offspring males can gain a physical advantage in the fight for mates. These seals weigh up to 2,300 kilograms, but their penises are relatively small compared to other animals of similar size. But the walrus, which lives in the Arctic and weighs about 1,700 kilograms, has one of the longest penises in mammals with a 60-centimeter penis bone. The environment in the Arctic is harsh, and the number of animals living here is very small, so Arctic walruses have little chance of frequent contact with their own kind. This means that the walruses have very little mating activity and that males rarely fight for mates. So walruses had to seize the rare opportunity to mate, and in order to successfully fertilize the mating partner and continue the evolution of the species, male walruses eventually evolved larger sex organs, Ferguson said. Ferguson says a longer penis ensures that the male's sperm is delivered closer to the female's egg.
A male with a long penis has a higher chance of becoming a father, "because their sperm is more likely to fuse with a female's egg," says Matthew Gage, an expert on gender competition at the University of East Anglia in the United Kingdom. The size of the human penis is related to ethnicity, race, etc. There are many differences in the size of the penis, and it is related to ethnicity and ethnicity. Many factors may affect the size of the penis at ordinary times, including excessive body fat, cold weather, and stressful situations. . Different lengths and thicknesses are normal physiological phenomena.
The length of the penis has nothing to do with men's sexual ability, nor is it an element that affects women's sexual pleasure. It is generally believed in medicine that a male penis with a length greater than 5 cm can perform normal sexual function. The normal (non-erect) penis length range is 4.5-8.6 cm. The penis length (non-erect) of Chinese men (18-45 years old) is between 4.5-10.1 cm, with an average of 6.6 cm and an average transverse diameter of 2.5 cm. The average circumference in the middle is 8 cm. Shi Chengli in China has measured the penis size of 1412 healthy young men in China and the erection length of 126 healthy men.
The results show that the longest is 14.5 cm in normal state, the shortest is 3 cm (big fat man), and the average is 8.375 cm; the maximum circumference is 14 cm, the smallest is 2.5 cm, and the average is 7.3 cm. When erect, the longest is 23 cm and the shortest is 8 cm; when erect, the maximum circumference is 14 cm and the smallest is 8 cm, with an average of 10.75 cm. The penis lengths of 1000 normal adult men investigated by Liu Guozhen and others are as follows: the normal length ranges from 4.9 to 8.6 cm, the average is 6.55 cm, the longest is 11.6 cm, and the shortest is 3.7 cm. Another scholar measured the penis of 2547 male college students aged 16-25. The average length was 7.43 cm and the average circumference was 8.17 cm; the average length of the penis was 13.34 cm, which was similar to the calculated erection length of 13.08 cm. Elongation may represent post-erect length.
anatomy
The penis is the mating organ of male animals. It consists of three parallel long columnar corpora cavernosa. The upper two corpus cavernosums are called corpus cavernosums, and the lower one is called urethral corpus cavernosum. The outside of each corpus cavernosum is covered with a thick and dense fibrous membrane, called the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum and the tunica albuginea of the urethra, respectively. The interior of the corpus cavernosum consists of many trabeculae and cavities, which are sinus spaces that communicate with blood vessels. When the cavity is congested, the penis becomes thick and hard and erect. The superficial and deep penile fascia and skin are encased together by the three corpora cavernosa.
corpus cavernosum
The cavernous body of penis is a cylinder with thin ends, one on the left and one on the right, located on the back of the penis. The left and right are tightly combined, extending forward, and the tip is tapered, embedded in the depression behind the glans penis. The rear end of the corpus cavernosum is separated from the left and right, called the peduncle, and is attached to the inferior pubic and ischial rami on both sides, respectively.
The cavernous body of the urethra (cavernous body ofurethra) is located on the ventral side of the corpus cavernosum, and the urethra runs through its entire length. The middle is cylindrical, the front end is enlarged as the glans penis, and the rear end is called the bulbofurethra, which is located between the two peduncles and is fixed below the urogenital diaphragm.
Penis Bone (baculum) refers to the bones in the penis of some mammals, which are shaped bones that are not connected to other bones in the body. Mainly rod-shaped, usually hidden in the stomach of the animal, when needed, it is pushed into the fleshy part of the penis by a set of muscles; this bone is prepared for mating, and the initiative and response speed of penis erection are greatly improved. Add, in the cutthroat competition where mating opportunities are fleeting, having this gear will undoubtedly be a huge advantage. An erection without a penis bone is entirely dependent on congestion. Primitive unicellular and marsupial mammals did not have a penis bone.
Most placental mammals have a penis bone (baculum, penis bone), but few do not have a penis bone. Placental mammals without a penis bone include elephants, rhinos, horses, donkeys, rabbits, hyenas, whales and dolphins. The vast majority of primates have penis bones, including our closest relatives, the chimpanzees and gorillas. Humans, however, are different in this regard. The researchers believe that this may be due to the special relationship between human beings, such as relatively fixed partners, affection between partners, frequent mating, and inconspicuous estrus in females.
The penis bone can prolong the period of intercourse in many species, often contributing to genital mating (locking). A species of night monkey (Nycticebus boneanus) 16 mm long (weight 0.7 kg); Macacus (Macacus) 11 mm long (weight 7.2 kg); Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) 12 mm long (weight 142 kg) kilograms), evolutionarily changing little compared to body weight.
Zoology distinguishes that the human penis lacks erectile cartilage compared with other mammals, but uses congestion to make it erect. The human penis cannot retract into the groin. That is a unique psychological problem, called shrinking positive syndrome. The closest animal to humans, the chimpanzee, also has a penis bone, which humans don't (also the tail and down). The disappearance of this feature stems from the disappearance of a set of DNA following human evolutionary divergence. There are 583 deletions found in the human genome, and Neanderthal genes were also missing these regions, 500,000 years ago. The mating behavior of male dogs with penis bones in the penis is very different from that of ordinary domestic animals, mainly because the structure of male dogs' reproductive organs is relatively special.
Generally, there is no penis bone in the penis of domestic animals, but there is a penis bone in the penis of male dogs, which can be inserted into the vagina of female dogs without erection during mating. After the penis is stimulated by the vagina, the glans corpus cavernosum at the front of the penis bone is immediately congested and rapidly expanded, and its circumference is about 1 times larger than the original, so it is stuck and locked by the vagina of the bitch, so that the penis cannot be prolapsed, and its lock The degree of tightness is often difficult to separate the male and female dogs. At this time, the male dog turns and slides down, turns his back to the female dog, and forms a special posture of tail to tail with the female dog. At this time, it looks like the male dog and the female dog are like conjoined dogs with buttocks glued together. The mating time is about 10-45 minutes. , When the male dog ejaculates, the corpus cavernosum shrinks, the penis can be prolapsed, and they are separated.
developmental process
The differentiation and development of the penis is divided into four stages:
10-12 weeks of pregnancy
The penis has just been differentiated and is only 3.5 mm long. At this time, it is the testosterone produced under the action of hCG secreted by the placenta.
The second and last 6 months of pregnancy
The penis grows very fast, reaching 2.5-3.5 cm at birth, when the fetal pituitary begins to secrete the gonadotropins LH and FSH.
After birth to before puberty (around 12 years old)
The penis grows slowly because the hypothalamus and pituitary gland develop slowly and testosterone levels are low.
After the onset of puberty (no conditions)
The pituitary gland and testosterone secrete vigorously, and the penis grows rapidly, reaching the adult level in only about 5 years, and the growth and thickness increase. When the level of sex hormones in old age is significantly reduced or after surgical castration, the penis can degenerate secondary. If secondary impotence stops sexual contact for many years, it may also cause pathological degeneration. This is not a general problem of use and disuse, but the consequence of degenerative changes in smooth muscle fibers.
In short, the differentiation and development of the penis depends entirely on the level of testosterone in the body. If the secretion of testosterone is insufficient during the 6th to 9th month of pregnancy, the penis develops at a lower rate than normal, and the penis is small at birth.
developmental principles
After men enter puberty, Leydig cells begin to produce a large amount of testosterone, which is male hormone. This male hormone can promote the appearance of secondary characteristics in men. At this time, some people begin to grow beards, develop Adam’s apple, change their voice, and get erections every morning. , the penis quickly became larger and thicker.
These typical male characteristics are all produced under the action of testosterone, but if the testicles enter the recession period in advance due to excessive drinking, excessive sex, masturbation, and irregular life, think about it, if the testicles are aging, they cannot secrete enough If the nutrients for penis growth and development are not adequately supplied, the penis will stop growing. Therefore, men who have secondary characteristics and want to develop secondarily must start with maintaining the testicles. Quickly activate the testicular aging cells to secrete a large amount of the male hormones and hormones needed by the testis, so that each cell can be fed and drunk, which can stimulate the division and growth of the cavernous body of the penis. The overall increase and thickening are the same as in adolescence.
The penis is like a surprising natural hydraulic mechanism, and the physiological response of erection and subsidence is expressed as the hemodynamic changes of the inflow and outflow of an organ under a certain volume. Depending on the amount of testosterone, the blood volume during an erection will increase by about 80-200 ml than usual. When the testosterone content increases, the brain or spinal nerve center transmits the message of erection, and the "erectin" acts on the corpus cavernosum of the penis, causing the arteries to dilate, blood pressure to rise, and about 200 ml of blood enter the corpus cavernosum of the penis cavity. A persistent erection is formed. Just like how a sponge expands after absorbing water. The volume of blood that the penis cavity can hold in the cavernous cavity determines the size of an erection.
So, by increasing the blood volume of the cavernous corpus cavernosum, an increase in penis size can be achieved, which is how testosterone works!
The main function
The penis is the main organ of sexual behavior and its main functions are urination, intercourse and ejaculation.
Sex / sexual intercourse / coition generally refers to the mating behavior between male and female animals of different sexes, which requires the participation, stimulation and excitement of reproductive organs. From a biological point of view, the purpose of sexual intercourse is reproduction. Sexual intercourse refers to the act of a man inserting his penis into the vagina and producing ejaculate due to excitement to deliver sperm. When men and women have sexual intercourse, the penis of men should be erect, and the vaginal lubrication of women makes it easy to insert the penis into the vagina.
Urine urination (micturition) Urine is produced by the kidneys and temporarily stored in the bladder through the ureter. After a certain amount is stored, it is repeatedly excreted through the urethra. Urinating is a complex reflex activity controlled by the central nervous system. The penis is the outlet for male animals to urinate.
Ejaculation Ejaculation is the reflex action of male animals to eject semen during sex. Human ejaculation is a series of coordinated actions of various parts of the reproductive system that eject semen from the penis. Including the two-step spinal reflex, the primary center is in the lumbosacral spinal cord, and its sensory impulses are afferent from the tactile receptors on the glans of the penis. Ejaculation is a complex process that includes erection, ejaculation, ejaculation, and orgasm. The erection is due to the swelling and hardening of the penis, and its primary innervation comes from the sacral plexus and the splanchnic or erectile nerves of the pelvis. Ejaculation involves collecting semen before ejaculation and transporting it to the prostatic portion of the urethra, which becomes a semen reservoir with the closure of the bladder neck and distal urethral sphincter. This induces ejaculation, the rhythmic ejaculation of semen through the urethra, in which the involvement of the skeletal muscles of the perineum is essential.
penis erection
Remember, the "igniter" that activates a man's penis is not between his legs, and the command post is at the mercy of the mind. The brain is the largest sexual organ in the human body. After the brain feels sexual stimulation, it sends out nerve impulses to the spinal cord, which then triggers the erection of the penis. Any disease or psychological factor that prevents or interferes with the brain's "fire" command can lead to erectile dysfunction.
More than 40% of erectile dysfunction is caused by chronic prostatitis, and prostatitis is difficult to cure. The reason for the intractability is that it is difficult for drugs to reach the glands. Nano-silver prostate tablets are anal medicines. The permeability is strong, and the phenomenon of "dropping white" will improve after five days of medication, and it can be cured after one month of continuous medication. If it is organic impotence, it is difficult to cure. You can use the Bole pacemaker for intercourse, which can make the patient with impotence erect and have intercourse within one minute. It is also effective for premature ejaculation and short penis.
Every man may occasionally have erectile dysfunction, suspend sexual life for a few days, rest, and don't care. The more you care, the more psychological problems it will cause, which will make the erectile dysfunction continue. Work fatigue, anxiety, and a bad mood can occasionally cause erectile dysfunction. Obesity is also not good for sexual function and even makes your penis feel smaller. For every 15 kg of "fat", the penis will retract by 2.5 cm; obesity is often accompanied by arteriosclerosis, which is one of the main reasons for poor erection. It takes 3-5 minutes for a young man's penis to become completely erect. When he grows older, this time can be extended several times.
The harmful genitals of erection are in a congested state for a long time, which is easy to induce prostatitis, also known as prostatic discharge. The main reason is that the penis is often erected, which induces autonomic dysfunction, causing prostate congestion, increased secretion, and relaxation and expansion of glandular ducts. When the intra-abdominal pressure increases or the muscles of the perineum contract, the prostatic fluid easily overflows from the urethral orifice, which is milky white. , viscous. To avoid this, sexual impulses should be restrained rationally.
Causes of Impotence The most typical characteristic of impotence is impotence, which is one of the most common sexual dysfunctions in men. The main reasons for impotence are: psychological reasons and organic reasons. Psychology is mainly caused by external stimuli, while organic causes are mainly caused by some diseases (such as diabetes, etc.).
Priapism is the persistent erection of the penis that is not related to sexual desire. Priapism occurs when the penis remains erect for more than 6 hours. Priapism is traditionally divided into primary (specific) and secondary. According to hemodynamics, it is divided into low blood flow type (ischemic) and high blood flow type (non-ischemic). The former is due to venous occlusion (veno-occlusive) and the latter is due to abnormal arterial blood infusion (arterial). Priapism is also divided into acute, intermittent (recurrent or intermittent, as in sickle cell anemia), and chronic (usually the high blood flow type). Priapism in the initial stage is a physiological penile erection, and later develops into a high blood flow type.
Dead body erection If a male dies standing or facing the ground, the penis will become erect due to gravity, which causes blood to flow downward in the body. After a while, however, the penis will soften as the structure of the blood cells begins to break down.
main condition
penis curvature
The normal male penis is composed of two left and right corpus cavernosums, urethra and urethral corpus cavernosum. When libido is high, the corpus cavernosum is congested and the penis becomes erect. If it is a person with penile curvature, when sexual desire comes, the penis often cannot erect normally, which affects sexual function. At the same time, the opening of the urethra of these patients is moved backward, and the clothes and pants are often wet when urinating, which brings great inconvenience to life and must be treated.
But you shouldn't worry too much about whether you have such a condition. Generally, the penis is slightly curved on the left or right side of the penis, that is, it is not as straight as imagined after erection. The reason is related to the living habits in adolescence, accompanied by some genetic factors. and sexual life is a normal phenomenon; in adolescence, most men’s penis will not be perpendicular to the body after erection, but slightly tilted upward, which is a physiological normal phenomenon. When men gradually enter middle age and tend to decline in sexual function, or After long-term sexual activity and masturbation, the erection of the penis will gradually sag. Penile sagging after entering adulthood is a normal physiological phenomenon and does not mean that a person's sexual function declines. Wearing underpants with appropriate tightness can effectively correct the development of the penis.
If the curvature of the penis causes troubles in daily life for a long time and has a significant impact on sexual life, you should seek medical attention to confirm whether you are sick.
The key is to identify the cause of penis curvature for targeted treatment. Clinically, the most common diseases that cause male penile curvature are hypospadias and penile sclerosis (or chronic penile cavernitis), which should be diagnosed and treated.
There are two types of curvature of the penis: one is curvature in the front-to-back direction; the other is curvature in the left-right direction. No matter what kind of bending, the factors are no more than three aspects: physiological, congenital, and pathological.
Physiological penile curvature generally has little effect on sex life. Because the erection of the penis is achieved by the congestion of the corpus cavernosum, and the corpus cavernosum is not one, but consists of 3 circular long column corpus cavernosums. These three cavernous bodies are like sponges, with many cavities inside, which communicate with blood vessels. The two corpus cavernosums on the top of the penis are called the corpus cavernosum, and the bottom one is called the corpus spongiosum, through which the urethra passes. When the cavity in the cavernous body becomes congested, the penis becomes thicker and harder. If the volume of the three corpus cavernosums is the same, that is, the erection of the penis is normal; if the size of the three corpus cavernosums is different after the congestion, the penis will bend in the direction of less hyperemia. In fact, most men's penises are slightly curved to varying degrees when erect.
But individual male penis curvature is caused by congenital reproductive organ abnormalities. For example, congenital hypospadias will bend the penis to the ventral side, and even lead to dysplasia of the reproductive organs, which will bring obstacles to sexual life and fertility. There are more patients with congenital epispadias, and the impact of epispadias on the penis is higher than that of hypospadias. more serious. Patients with epispadias have a short penis that curves dorsally during erection, which can lead to dyspareunia or inability to have sex. At this time, should go to the hospital for urology examination, do surgical correction.
Pathological penile curvature refers to the penile curvature caused by the trauma or infection of the penis, which forms scars locally; or when the foreskin is too long and the foreskin is removed too much when circumcision is performed. In cases of fibrosing cavernitis, there is one or several fibrous indurations on the back of the penis, which can lead to curvature of the penis and even painful erections. Surgical correction can be done for patients with inappropriate foreskin surgery.
hypospadias
It is a congenital malformation that sometimes occurs in successive generations in a family. In mild hypospadias, the urethra opens in the coronal groove of the penis, and the penis itself is not curved or slightly curved. It is often ignored by parents in childhood, and it does not affect sexual function when it grows up, so no treatment is required. In severe hypospadias, the opening of the urethra can be located at the junction of the penis and scrotum, or even in the perineum. The defective urethra is replaced by a fibrous band. The penis is short and flat, with obvious or severe downward curvature. At the same time, since the ejaculation is outside the vagina after the opening of the urethra, it is infertile and must be corrected surgically.
The operation is generally carried out in two stages. The first stage is best performed around the age of two, mainly to cut the cord to straighten the penis; the second stage is half a year to one year after the first stage, and the local scar tissue is softened before it is softened. Carry out, mainly to do urethroplasty. The curvature of the penis becomes difficult to correct as it grows into an adult. Of course, some people in the medical field also advocate that the two-stage operation should be performed in one operation, that is, while the penis cord is removed to straighten the curved penis, the bladder mucosa is made into a tube with a skin tube to replace the defective urethra.
penile induration
Most of the patients are middle-aged people. The main symptom is the hyperplasia of connective tissue in the penis. There are one or several hard plaques and cords on the back of the penis. When the penis is erect, it bends upwards or to the left and right, and feels a little pain. If the bending is obvious, it will affect sexual life. The etiology of the disease is unknown, but injury and inflammation may be contributing factors. Surgical excision of induration is prone to recurrence, so it is not recommended. The general treatment is local injection of cortisone at the induration or cord, oral vitamin E at the same time, and penile histamine or iodide iontophoresis can also be done with the cooperation of the physiotherapy department, but in general, the treatment effect is not ideal.
penis foreskin
The skin of the penis is thin, soft, and stretchable, with no fatty tissue under the skin. The skin is closely attached to the deep layer at the head and neck, and the rest of the skin is loose and easy to free. The skin of the penis is folded forward and free from the neck to form a double-layered annular skin fold that encloses the head of the penis, called the prepuce of penis. . The front end of the foreskin forms the foreskin opening, on the ventral midline of the head of the penis, and is connected to the skin fold between the lower end of the external urethra and the foreskin, called the frenulum of prepuce.
The function of the foreskin of the penis is to accommodate and protect the glans, and also to protect the glans from strong stimulation as much as possible.
The foreskin is a double sheath, divided into an inner foreskin and an outer foreskin. The foreskin of cows is longer and has foreskin fur; the foreskin cavity of pigs is very long, with foreskin diverticulum, which is easy to hide dirt.
originally barbed
The human penis, compared with its ape relatives, appears to have transcended purely functional needs, and its extra-large size appears to act as a signal. A gorilla's erect penis is only 3.18 cm long, an orangutan's is only 3.41 cm long, and a human's is 12.7 cm long, even though the males of both apes are much taller than men. Just like chimpanzees, cats and mice, male human genitalia originally had spines, but the related genes disappeared in the process of evolution, but there are still some primates that retain this gene.
Tracking the evolution of human genes, they compared human genes with those of chimpanzees and cynomolgus monkeys, and filtered out 510 genes that humans originally had but lost in the process of evolution, while human primate relatives still retained. Of greatest interest to researchers are the male spines, which are found in many mammals and whose function is inconclusive and may have different roles in different animals. These roles are positive, including those that enhance mating. pleasure, or to promote ovulation, but it can also cause harm to females. But when it comes to mating time, compared to many other mammals, a large penis at least allows humans to switch positions during sex.
However, the male orangutan's only 3.81 cm long penis is enough to make it a variety of mating positions, which is comparable to that of humans, and they can even hang from a tree to perform the above tricks. If long, large penises have the potential to prolong sexual intercourse, orangutans outperform humans at this point too (15 minutes on average, compared to 4 minutes for American men).
Researchers believe that male human penile spines have regressed, changing courtship patterns in humans. Without this weapon, the stimulation of mating is reduced and the time is prolonged, which helps to strengthen the duality, that is, the fixed spouse relationship. The monogamous marriage relationship of human beings is developed on this basis, and the duality of other species is developed. Relationships are not as long and stable as humans.
broken penis
Penile fracture refers to the rupture of the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum caused by external violence when the penis is erect. The normal thickness of the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum is about 2 mm. When the penis is erect, the vascular sinus is congested and the internal pressure increases. The breaks are often transverse, generally no more than 1/2 of the circumference of the cavernous body, and most are located in the far 1/3. This injury is relatively rare, and many cases have not been reported because of its insidious nature.
Penile fracture often occurs when the penis is erect. For example, the wrong sexual intercourse causes the penis to hit the pubic symphysis or perineum of the woman, or masturbation breaks the penis and causes injury. According to domestic statistics, these two reasons are 45% and 38%, respectively. about 10% of the erect penis were crushed on the bed, and the other 7% belonged to others.
The tunica albuginea and corpus cavernosum are ruptured by direct external force in the erect state of the penis. The tunica albuginea is one of the tough fascias in the body, but the blood flow of the corpus cavernosum increases by 7-8 times in the erect state, which makes the tunica albuginea stretch and thin (1/8-1/4 of the non-erective state) and lose its elasticity. It is susceptible to rupture of the tunica albuginea and cavernous body under the action of vertical external force or even slight external force.
Patients usually report that during sexual intercourse, the penis is twisted, snaps with a sound, and is accompanied by severe pain, followed by resolution of the erection. The penis becomes flabby, swollen, curved, and skewed toward the unaffected side. Due to the rupture of the corpus cavernosum and the tunica albuginea, hematoma ecchymosis is formed, and the skin of the penis is blue-purple. Urination is generally normal.
1. There is a history of local injury to the penis.
2. Local pain in the penis after injury, congestion, bleeding and swelling can be seen.
3. The fracture of the penis often occurs in the erect state, and there is often a sound and severe pain at the moment of injury, and the erect penis is also soft immediately.
For a small number of patients with asymptomatic symptoms, the diagnosis must be confirmed by cavernography or ultrasound and MRI examinations. In the diagnosis, it is necessary to identify whether the corpus cavernosum is ruptured on one or both sides, whether there is urethral injury, whether it is simple skin injury, vascular injury, penile transposition, etc.
There may be a history of penile injury, and penile pain may occur during erection, but there is no manifestation of congestion, bleeding and swelling. One or several hard masses and cords can be palpated on the dorsal side of the penis, the quality is cartilage, with mild tenderness, and a filling defect can be seen in the lesions on cavernosography.
The complications of conservative treatment of penile fracture are as high as 30% to 44%. These include missed diagnosis of urethral injury, persistent hematoma, secondary infection, penile fibrosis and angular deformity, painful nodules, and resulting sexual dysfunction. Patients who choose early surgical treatment do not have the above-mentioned complications.
1. Non-surgical treatment
Treatment measures include analgesia, indwelling catheter, and pressure bandaging of the penis. Local cold compresses were applied first, then hot compresses were changed after 24 hours, and oral estrogen and intravenous antibiotics were given. Non-surgical treatment of penile swelling subsided slowly, and local scarring induration and penile erectile dysfunction and painful erection and other complications.
2. Surgical treatment
Penile corpus cavernosum rupture should generally be treated as soon as possible to avoid complications. Treatment measures: remove the hematoma, suture the ruptured tunica albuginea with silk thread, and surgically stop the bleeding. Generally, the swelling of the penis subsides within 10 days after the operation, and the sexual function recovers well after the operation.
small penis
Short penis refers to a disease in which adult men's penis is weak and its length and thickness are smaller than the average of normal men after erection. There are both congenital and acquired factors.
Short penis is an abnormal phenomenon, which means that under normal temperature and normal conditions, the length and circumference of adult men's penis are smaller than the average of normal men. The main side effect is that it affects normal sexual life. There are some misunderstandings about the short penis. For ordinary men, if the penis can have sex after erection, it does not belong to the short penis. At present, the short penis seems to be mainly caused by heredity.
The diagnostic points for a short penis are as follows:
1. The penis is short, less than 8 cm in length in the erect state; less than 3 cm in length in the non-erect state.
2. Difficulty or inability to carry out normal sexual life, or inability to complete upright urination.
3. Mostly associated with hypoplasia of male secondary sexual characteristics, or associated with other genital malformations.
4. Most of the sex chromosomes are normal, and the genotype is 46, XY.
There are four major methods for the treatment and improvement of short penis, drug treatment, surgical lengthening, essential oil massage, and family green therapy. Drug treatment is mainly to use hormone drugs to promote penis development in patients with short penis such as Klinefelter's micropenis. For Klinefelter's micropenis patients, large doses of androgens should be injected before entering puberty. Can promote penis development. Medication cannot rule out side effects.
Surgical lengthening is to cut off the superficial suspensory ligament and part of the deep suspensory ligament of the penis, free the penis segment originally fixed in front of the pubic symphysis and inferior pubic ramus, and release the penis segment buried in front of the pubic bone to the outside of the body to lengthen the penis. The treatment is mainly reflected in extending the length of the penis, but it has little effect in increasing the thickness. The surgical treatment is a physical therapy method, and there are many side effects.
Foreskin is too long
Some people think that phimosis and foreskin do not hinder sexual life and fertility, so it is not a genital disease. In fact, this view is unscientific. Because, whether it is phimosis or the foreskin is too long, there is a certain harm to the human body.
(1) Harm of excessive foreskin - hinders the development of the penis and affects the harmony of sexual life: phimosis will affect the growth and development of the penis. During puberty, because the head of the penis is tightly wrapped by the foreskin, it cannot get the proper stimulation from the outside world. The development of the head is greatly restrained, so that the circumference of the crown of the head of the penis after the sexual organ matures is obviously small, which affects the sexual pleasure. Adults will affect normal sexual life due to excessive foreskin or phimosis. Especially for men whose foreskin diameter is too small, the foreskin cannot be restored when it is turned up, and the foreskin is tightly stuck at the coronal sulcus, resulting in an incarcerated phimosis, which is not very painful. In severe cases, the glans will edema due to poor blood flow, and even glans necrosis may occur.
(2) Harm of the foreskin is too long - the foreskin is too long and the penis is inflamed: there are abundant sebaceous glands in the foreskin, which can secrete a lot of sebum. When the phimosis or foreskin is too long, the secretions of the sebaceous glands in the foreskin cannot be discharged, and the sebum and the sediment in the urine synthesize the cheese-like smelly "smegma". Smegma is suitable for bacterial growth, so it can cause inflammation of the glans and foreskin of the penis. Germs that pass through the urethra can also cause urinary tract infections. Inflammation that occurs in the urethra can cause the urethra to become narrow after healing, making it difficult to urinate.
(3) Harm of too long foreskin - too long foreskin damages kidney function: due to inflammation of the penis, it can cause urethral orifice or anterior urethra stenosis, resulting in difficulty urinating. Difficulty urinating for a long time can damage the function of the kidneys.
(4) Harm of the foreskin is too long - the foreskin is too long to have the risk of cancer: the foreskin is too long and phimosis, there is the possibility of inducing penile cancer. Modern scientific research shows that smegma is a carcinogen. According to the survey, 85%-95% of penile cancer patients are phimosis or excessive foreskin. Too long phimosis and foreskin will not only affect your health, but if you have sex with your wife, you will also bring smegma into the vagina, stimulate the uterus, and induce cervical cancer.
(5) Harm of excessive foreskin - premature ejaculation: the most common condition is that the foreskin usually covers the glans, but the glans is exposed during erection. Because the glans mucosa is usually hidden under the foreskin, the glans mucosa is usually less rubbed and stimulated, which makes the nerves of the glans mucosa feel too sensitive. During sex, the glans is exposed after erection. When the glans and the vagina are rubbed and stimulated, the nerves of the glans mucosa are too sensitive to trigger the premature appearance of ejaculation, resulting in premature ejaculation.
Therefore, men with phimosis and excessive prepuce should go to the hospital for surgical treatment as soon as possible. Circumcision. For the non-inflamed foreskin that is too long, as long as the foreskin is frequently turned upside down and cleaned, surgery is not necessary.
If the foreskin is too long and cannot be operated early, the vulva should also be kept clean, the penis should be cleaned once a day, do not turn the foreskin with your hands, do not smear medicine indiscriminately, and do not believe in any "home remedies". Surgery after disappearance. There are many reasons for circumcision. Some religious people in the world will perform a ritual of cutting the foreskin, called "circumcision", shortly after the boy is born. For example: Judaism, Muslim. Some ethnic groups also have this custom.
It is currently a routine operation for newborn boys in Europe and the United States; in China, it is not necessary for boys. There are also people who take the initiative to undergo circumcision in adulthood for the sake of beauty and health. In theory, men with excessive foreskin are more likely to develop penile cancer and other STDs. Because if you don't clean the glans inside the foreskin often, it is easy to hide dirt, and it is relatively moist. Generally, germs need moist conditions in order to reproduce. According to new research, circumcised men are less likely to develop AIDS, because the virus does not easily gather and survive because there is no foreskin.
If phimosis is still present in adulthood, consideration should be given to surgical removal of the excess foreskin to expose the glans of the penis. If only the foreskin is present, the glans can be fully exposed by hand when erection or without erection. So as long as it is cleaned regularly, there is no need to remove the foreskin. On the contrary, due to the protection of the foreskin, the glans mucosa will be relatively sensitive and prone to premature ejaculation. When masturbating, the foreskin can slide freely to stimulate the glans, so there will be a stronger feeling. Many men have their foreskins cut because they have no choice but to be born. Some therefore wish they could have a foreskin. The length of the foreskin has nothing to do with physiology, it is mainly a psychological idea. Therefore, there are specialized doctors to provide foreskin repair surgery.
small penis
1. Hypogonadism due to insufficient gonadotropin secretion.
(1) Abnormal brain tissue structure: children with anencephaly have no hypothalamic secretion function, even if the pituitary gland develops normally, due to the lack of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the secretion of testosterone is low, resulting in a small penis. Congenital hypoplasia of the pituitary gland, hypothalamic dysfunction caused by hypoplasia of part of the corpus callosum, occipital encephalocele and cerebellar malformation with ataxia and other gene abnormalities in midline development. Both are caused by insufficient gonadotropin secretion. It also leads to multiple malformations in other systems.
(2) Congenital gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency without abnormal brain tissue: Micropenis caused by this type of cause is more common than the former, and the specific cause is unclear, mostly due to various syndromes, such as Kallmann, Padveli syndrome (Prader-Willi), Lawrence-Moon-Beidel syndrome, etc., often accompanied by multiple malformations. According to research, it is related to chromosomal and genetic abnormalities, as well as gonadotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone caused by abnormal endocrine and biochemical metabolism. deficiency.
2. Hypogonadism with excessive gonadotropin secretion The hypothalamus and pituitary gland secretion function of these patients are normal, but the testosterone secretion is reduced due to the degeneration of the testis in the late pregnancy, and the secretion of gonadotropin is caused by the negative feedback pathway. Too much, the cause of small penis is mainly in the testis itself, such as congenital absence of testis, incomplete testicular descent and so on. Some patients have normal testes, but their luteinizing hormone receptors are abnormal, so that they cannot secrete sufficient testosterone. In addition, attention should be paid to gender abnormalities.
3. In addition to the above reasons for primary micropenis, there are a small number of patients with normal hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular hormone secretion, but with micropenis deformity, which can grow again in puberty. The etiology is unclear, and it is speculated that it may be due to delayed gonadotropin stimulation and transient decreased testosterone secretion in the late embryonic stage. A small number of patients may also have abnormal androgen receptors.
Micropenis patients may have sex chromosomal abnormalities, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), multiple X syndrome (48, XXXY and 49, XXXXY), polychromosomal (69, XXY triploid) malformations.
Penis lengthening surgery refers to cutting off part of the superficial and deep suspensory ligaments that restrain the penis, and then releasing a hidden part of the penis in the body to achieve the effect of lengthening. After the operation, the penis can be extended by about 3 cm, and the longer can reach about 5 cm.
The advantages of this method of penis extension surgery are that the surgical method is relatively simple and safe, and it can effectively enhance sexual stimulation during sex, so the advantages are obvious, but its disadvantage is that the implanted penis silicone prosthesis has It may be rejected, so some people may have a foreign body sensation in the penis after surgery.
penis aging
1. The appearance of the penis has changed. When men are in their 40s, the glans will gradually lose its purple color, mainly because of the reduction of blood circulation. As androgen levels drop, the pubic hair of the penis will also become thinner and thinner, gradually returning to its prepubertal hairless state.
Second, the size of the "shrinking" with age, male weight gain is a common phenomenon. In some cases, belly fat can bury the penis. The length and thickness of the penis also vary slightly.
3. In some patients, the lumps appear on the upper and lower sides of the penis at the same time, which shortens and deforms the penis.
Fourth, the penis is not sensitive Many studies have shown that the sensitivity of the penis will decrease over time, which may affect erection and delay orgasm. While these changes are unavoidable, they don't seriously affect sex. Because an important part of a good sex life is a sexual partner who can satisfy you, not an organ.
cause of pain
If a man's penis does not do a good job of reproductive health care, it is easy to have penis pain. The pain in the penis makes men ashamed to say it and can only bear it silently. There is a reason for men's penis pain, which has a lot to do with the care of the man's penis.
1. Pain in the epidermis or inside of the penis is no fun, just ask anyone who has had it before. The main causes of penis pain are various trauma and excessive sexual intercourse. In addition, things like bites (both by humans or insects), pimples, or any kind of trauma to the skin are common causes of penile pain.
2. The penis is infected with genital herpes. Before the onset of the disease (the rash develops), the affected area may experience burning, itching, or pain for 5-6 days, followed by a distinct, visible sore on the epidermis. once these blister-like sores heal, the pain symptoms disappear. After the first episode of herpes, some patients will not relapse for months, years, or even a lifetime, but some patients have frequent relapses. Acyclovir tablet is an antiviral agent. It is very effective when taken orally. It can not only reduce the severe pain at the onset of the disease, but also effectively reduce the frequency of recurrence. Before the AIDS epidemic, genital scarring was arguably the most common form of hysterical outbursts and quarrels between the sexes, which to this day are compared with the deadly AIDS epidemic. The situation was much milder.
3. Inflammation of the prostate often causes pain in the penis, which may be caused by infection or irritation of the penis. If infected, it must be treated with antibiotics; if it is stimulated, the symptoms can be alleviated as long as there is sufficient rest.
4. Syphilis can cause ulcers and sores on the penis, but it does not cause pain. Others that are sexually transmitted and cause painful symptoms are atypical urethritis (usually a urinary tract infection or urethral inflammation caused by chlamydia) and gonorrhea, although there are inventions such as penicillin and other types of antibiotics. Gonorrhea still afflicts people quite a bit. In uncircumcised men, infection in the foreskin (ie balanitis) is prone to occur, which can also cause pain and swelling of the penis. Usually, as long as proper treatment is given to the real cause, most of them can be successfully eliminated. Various unpleasant disease symptoms.
