Basic Information
Chinese name: homosexual
Foreign name: homosexual
Other Names: Gay Sex
Definition: love and sexual desire only for the same sex
Basic overview
Homosexuality has three distinct meanings:
1. Homosexuality. Also called same-sex, same-sex attraction, etc. Lesbian, Gay, Transles, and Transgay are the types of sexual orientations, which are individuals of the same social gender/psychological gender (Gender) who generate love, The phenomenon of emotional, sexual attraction, and sexual attraction.
2. Homosexual behavior. Or the gay lifestyle. based on same-sex attraction, choose this life style including same-sex emotional dependence and sexual behavior. Like euthanasia and the death penalty, this is a highly controversial moral and ethical issue, especially between men who have sex with men (or anal sex).
3. The gay rights movement. Or LGBTsocial movements. This is a highly politicized social movement, and its promoters may not necessarily have homosexual orientation or behavior. Liberals and sexual liberation activists describe homosexuality as a form of self-identity and social label. Homosexuality was once considered a psychosexual disorder, but is not recognized by liberals.
In some countries, such as northern and western European countries and several states in the United States, the development trend in recent decades is to increase the transparency and recognition of homosexuality, and to improve the legal rights of homosexuals, including marriage, adoption, and medical care.
In the above definition, people in the society have a combination of different positions: some people are all against it (Islam, American religious right); some people do not oppose homosexual tendencies, but have reservations or opposition to homosexual behavior and the gay rights movement (such as the Hong Kong Society for Sexual Culture and Mingguang) There are people who oppose homosexual behavior but still support the gay rights movement (such as leftist Christians); there are people who agree with homosexual behavior but oppose the gay rights movement (such as homosexuals who oppose same-sex marriage); and some support all of them.
Lesbian studies have moved away from gay studies and in recent years have developed into queer studies and feminist studies.
Western etymology
The term "homosexual" is a modern concept. The word first appeared in an article by the Hungarian writer Karl-Maria Kertbeny.
history
In the late 19th century, the German Empire enacted a new constitution that punished men who had sex with men between one and four years in prison. Karl Maria Kolter Bailey wrote an article criticizing and resisting the decree and coined the word "homosexual" for the first time to replace the derogatory term "pederast" (sodomy), which was widely used at the time. Karl Maria Kortberly hoped that his new term and interpretation of it would be helpful in repealing Section 175 of the German Reich's Criminal Code, which was still passed and implemented in 1871. 60 years later, it became the legal source of the Nazi government's murder of homosexuals.
The word "homosexual" is directly translated to mean "homosexual", derived from the Greek prefix "homo-" (meaning "same") and the Latin root "sex" (meaning "sex"). Other terms referring to homosexuality, such as "homophilia" and "inversion", are no longer in use.
The term was later embraced by German psychiatrist Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902) and other physicians, author of Psychopathia Sexualis (Psychopathia Sexualis), And use it as a medical term in pathological diagnosis methods.
History
Thai gay men hold three-person weddings (6) With the emergence and development of psychology, "homosexual" began to become a term used to refer to a mental illness in medical clinical research. For this reason, the term "homosexual" was considered a slur by homosexuals until the American Psychiatric Association removed "homosexual" from its list of mental illnesses in 1973. As a result, Western homosexuals rarely use the term "homosexual" to refer to themselves and same-sex sexuality.
Later, the cryptic term "gay" became popular and recognized by homosexuals, becoming a more appropriate name for homosexuality. The English word "gay" originally means "feeling happy" and "making people happy", but the original changer is no longer available. In the 19th century, prostitutes began to be dubbed "gay women", and at the same time people called "gay" playboys who were idle. At the beginning of the 20th century, some homosexuals in the United States began to use the word "gay" as their own label to distinguish it from the word "homosexual", which was widely used in pathology and clinical practice. In the 1960s and 1970s, the American gay community strongly urged various media to replace "homosexual" with "gay" when reporting and broadcasting news involving homosexuality. In response, the term "gay" began to be gradually accepted and used by the media. But in fact, this is also a very long process. For example, it was not until 1989 that the New York Times, one of the mainstream media in the United States, finally accepted the word "gay" to refer to homosexuality.
Graphics on the Warren Cup show an adult Roman man engaging in anal sex with a young man, who may have been a slave, in the mid-1st century AD. The cup was found near Jerusalem.
status quo
Animal homosexuality does not distinguish between genders, "gay" is usually used to refer to male homosexuality, while for lesbians, due to the influence of second wave feminism, "lesbian" is more used to refer to the latter, which is derived from the ancient Greek The name of a small island Lesbos (Lesbos Island). Located in the Aegean Sea near the northwestern coast of Turkey, this small island is rocky and was an important settlement for the Aeolians. In the 7th century BC, Lesbos was famous for its lyric poets. Among these poets, the most famous is the lesbian poet Sappho (Ancient Greek: Σαπφώ; Latinized: Sappho, about 630 or 612 BC to about 592 or 560 BC). "Lesbian" originally meant the people who lived on the island, but since Sappho, the word "Lesbian" began to have a new meaning. In the late 19th century, the medical profession began to use "lesbian" to refer to women who had the same sexual orientation as Sappho. Since then, "lesbian" has come to include lesbian connotations and has been widely used.
Other English terms for homosexuality, such as "fag", "faggot", "homo" and "dyke", are derogatory pronouns for homosexuals. The word "queer" (see Queer Theory) for the LGBT community was originally a derogatory term, but as it was used within the LGBT community, the word began to be recognized by the LGBT community.
Chinese etymology
In ancient Chinese history, there was no such term as "homosexuality", but more subtle expressions were used. For example, foreign pets, Peach, Ning Xing, Huren, Zuo Feng, urchin, molester, Qixiong, Qidi, Xiaoguan, Yaozi, Dengsheng, Longyang, Duanxiu. (In ancient times, it was used to call gay men); while women mostly use "mirror" to indicate.
History
In modern colloquial Chinese, the word "comrade" has gradually evolved into society's recognition of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender)
and the official name between the community (such as "Beijing LGBT Center", "Chinese Gay Voice", "Hong Kong Gay Radio" and other groups), but in other occasions, the original meaning of the word remains unchanged. Some people also use the more neutral, neutral synonym of "homosexuality". In addition, in Hong Kong and Macao Cantonese, the "base" derived from the English word gay is used to refer to homosexuality. But the term usually has a derogatory connotation. Taiwanese people commonly call gay men "fake" or "jia" because of the homophonic pronunciation of "fake" and "gay" in Taiwanese.
Other words with derogatory connotations include "glass" and so on. In some regional dialects, gay men are also called "Piao Piao". In the Fujian area of Guangdong, there is also the title of brother-in-law, which is transformed from sworn brothers and contains homosexuality. Due to the stigmatization of sworn brothers, among sworn brothers, the elders call the younger ones as sires.
status quo
In the lesbian community, "top" or "T" refers to traits that tend to be masculine, or a masculine/neuter dresser in appearance ("T" comes from the English word Tomboy, but the original meaning of "Tomboy" is not gay Meaning); "Bottom" or "P" refers to lesbians who dress, behave, and have feminine temperament. The top/bottom distinction in Taiwanese lesbian culture is equivalent to Butch/Femme in the West. The word "bottom" was originally used relative to the top, and was used to refer to those with a more feminine temperament. Uncle refers to an older top.
Gay men also have their own set of nouns and expressions to use. For example, the more common term in Taiwanese gay culture term is "C goods", which is derived from the English "Sissy" and "Nancy", which refers to gay men with a feminine temperament; Macho Queen (King Kong Barbie) refers to a very masculine appearance and a body A sturdy, but vaguely feminine, gay man in action and thought. In addition, just like the "top" and "bottom" of lesbians, Taiwanese gay men are generally divided into two types: "attack" (also called 'brother') and "shou" (also called 'brother'). Role. However, the main difference between the two is not the degree of femininity or masculinity, but the concepts of protection and dependence, but generally speaking, the distinction is not obvious and indefinitely defined, and mainly excludes men with feminine temperament.
In addition, because Ang Lee's film "Brokeback Mountain" won the Oscar, the word "broken back" has also become another name for homosexuality.
identity
In contemporary China, homosexuality is no longer a taboo subject that cannot be seen or talked about. But for homosexuals themselves, on the one hand, it is very difficult to form a stable and confident homosexual self-identity; In the book "Gay Subculture", Li Yinhe (2002) conducted a field survey also repeatedly showed the difficulty of homosexuality identification. She believes that the reasons for this identification dilemma are: homosexual emotion and homosexuality are not problems in themselves, but The identity of homosexuality is in conflict with the social environment, social norms and family models in which Chinese people live, and Chinese culture lacks the tendency to actively communicate negative emotions and seek help to parents, relatives, and friends, and homosexuals can only face it alone. Intense inner conflict, isolation and helplessness. The book "Research on Homosexuality in China" also writes that it is quite unacceptable in traditional Chinese culture for homosexuals to publicly expose their homosexuality. In addition, they are likely to be criticized and discriminated against by the society, so it is easy to lead to psychological problems (Liu Dalin, Lu Longguang, 2004).
cultural background
The research on homosexual identity is of great significance: first and foremost, due to the lack of identity of most homosexuals in our country, they eventually suppressed their physical and emotional nature, obeyed social pressure and entered heterosexual marriage, resulting in serious "homosexuality". "The phenomenon of "same husband" has caused many families to suffer together (Zhao Wanzhi, 2011). Secondly, homosexual identity research is an objective and equal research orientation of sexual orientation. The research done on each homosexual (Cass, 1979), through such research, we can deeply understand the inner identity of each homosexual Dilemma, find out what are the factors that cause homosexuals' identification dilemma, and make specific suggestions to policy makers and social welfare organizations to promote the elimination of discrimination against homosexuals in society and help them get out of the predicament.
Most of the research on homosexuality in social science research in our country focuses on the study of gay men, such as Li Yinhe (2002) the book "Gay Subculture" with the theme of homosexuality, Zhao Wanzhi (2011) and Yu Yong (2011). 2010) in the dissertation research on homosexuality, the social survey was conducted with gay men as the research objects, and lesbians were completely ignored. Secondly, according to the feminist point of view, lesbians in Chinese society are not only troubled by their homosexual identity, they are also under pressure from patriarchal society, their self-identification is more difficult and the situation is more complicated, so they are more valuable for research (Li Galaxy, 2005).
double edge
Marginalization does not only come from outside the gay community, even within the gay community, lesbians are often silenced and endorsed - the dual marginalization of gender and sexuality makes it more difficult for lesbians to have a voice, but correspondingly more Reflexivity and resistance.
This kind of resistance is not only related to the subject expression and rights and interests of sexual minorities, it is also related to the thinking that every individual in modern life can reach in the face of collective cultural hijacking.
source of oppression
The Bible says in the book of Leviticus, "You shall not have adultery with a man as with a woman". This has become one of the signs that Christians oppose homosexuality, and because of the status of Christianity in the Western world, a large number of people in the West still reject gays.
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick argues that the patriarchal (also known as patriarchy, English: Patriarchy) system of marriage requires the existence of "homophobia", to illustrate this argument , she put forward the concept of "obligatory heterosexuality", that is: under the patriarchal system, the male gender identity is artificially constructed as "heterosexual", and "homosexuality" is artificially considered as "heterosexual". Unnatural, morbid, feminine, sinful, "homosexual" men are pushed out of the ranks of "normal" men, and heterosexual culture creates "homophobic" through various stigmatizations of "homosexuality". Psychology, and through this artificial "subtle influence", the power mechanism of heterosexuality is constructed into the kinship system dominated by patriarchal civilization. Therefore, Sedgwick believes that "homophobia" psychology is based on heterosexual marriage. A corollary to the patriarchal system of ties.
The anthropologist Gayle Rubin wrote, “The repression of the homosexual component of human nature and, by extension, the repression of homosexuals is … the same identity that oppresses women by its rules and connections A product of the system." That is, male homophobia against males is misogynistic, and the situation may be trans-historical. (Sedgwick says that "misogyny" does not simply mean contempt for women, but more likely to mean the so-called "femininity" in men, which means the oppression of feminine men.) This is the most likely error. place for interpretation. Since the pair of nouns "homosexual" and "homophobia" are historical constructs under any of their incarnations, since they are likely to be strongly concerned with each other, taking the form of interconnection or reflection, and since the drama of their struggle is likely to be psychic Internal, institutional and even public. Therefore, sometimes we are surprised to find that some of the male homophobic people, their homophobia is precisely the result of suppressing their own desire for the same sex. ——A homophobic murder case in Australia 20 years ago can be used as evidence for this argument: a subsequent investigation by the judge found that some of the homophobic perpetrators had a hidden homosexual complex, and some criminals admitted that , he targeted homosexuals in order to prove his heterosexual identity or masculinity to his heterosexual male peers.
Some scholars have argued that gender roles, gender identity, and sexual orientation are themselves social constructs (see patriarchal norm heteronormativity). For these people, feminism is the fundamental means of achieving human liberation (ie, liberating women as well as men, along with other social issues - gay, bi, pan, trans, etc.) .
