请看外电相关报道：A Vietnamese court has sentenced four soccer referees, three of them FIFA-accredited, to between four and seven years in jail for bribery and match fixing.
Vietnam has vowed to stamp out match fixing in the country's most popular sport following a series of high-profile scandals which led to the arrest of dozens of players and referees.
报道中的“match fixing”是体育术语，指“暗箱操纵比赛”，包括裁判吹黑哨、球员踢假球等作假行为。“Match fixing”源于动词词组“to fix a game/match”，fix在此指“非法操纵”。
值得一提的是，网上广泛流传的“黑哨（black whistle）”译法纯属中国人的臆造，英语中没有“black whistle”这一说法。美国人形容裁判的“黑哨”很直接，如“cheating/bad call”。
汉语中的“假球”可以表达为“soccer fraud”。球员如果故意踢输球，即汉语中的“放水”行为，则可译为“thrown game”（其相应的动词形式为“to throw a game”）。
